Cave Paintings, the Parietal Art of the Ancient World

Cavern Paintings, the Parietal Art of the Ancient World Cavern craftsmanship, additionally called parietal workmanship or cavern compositions, is a general term alluding to the embellishment of the dividers of rock safe houses and surrenders all through the world. The most popular destinations are in Upper Paleolithic Europe. There polychrome (multi-shaded) artistic creations made of charcoal and ochre, and other characteristic colors, were utilized to show wiped out creatures, people, and geometric shapes some 20,000-30,000 years prior. The motivation behind cavern workmanship, especially Upper Paleolithic cavern craftsmanship, is broadly discussed. Cavern workmanship is frequently connected with crafted by shamans-strict authorities who may have painted the dividers in memory of past or backing of future chasing trips. Cavern craftsmanship was once viewed as proof of an inventive blast, when the brains of antiquated people turned out to be completely evolved. Today, researchers accept that human advancement towards social innovation started in Africa and grew substantially more gradually. The Earliest and Oldest Cave Paintings The most established at this point dated cavern workmanship is from El Castillo Cave, in Spain. There, an assortment of imprints and creature drawings enlivened the roof of a cavern around 40,000 years prior. Another early cavern is Abri Castanet in France, around 37,000 years back; once more, its craft is constrained to impressions and creature drawings. The most seasoned of the exact artistic creations generally recognizable to devotees of rock craftsmanship is the genuinely terrific Chauvet Cave in France, direct-dated to between 30,000-32,000 years back. Craftsmanship in rock covers is known to have happened inside the previous 500 years in numerous pieces of the world, and there is some contention to be made that cutting edge spray painting is a continuation of that custom. Dating Upper Paleolithic Cave Sites One of the incredible debates in rock workmanship today is whether we have solid dates for when the extraordinary cavern canvases of Europe were finished. There are three current techniques for dating cavern works of art. Direct dating, in which traditional or AMS radiocarbon dates are taken on minuscule pieces of charcoal or other natural paints in the work of art itselfIndirect dating, in which radiocarbon dates are taken on charcoal from occupation layers inside the cavern that are by one way or another related with the artistic creation, for example, shade making instruments, convenient workmanship or fallen painted rooftop or divider squares are found in datable strataStylistic dating, in which researchers think about the pictures or methods utilized in a specific composition to others which have just been dated in another way Albeit direct dating is the most dependable, elaborate dating is the frequently utilized, in light of the fact that immediate dating decimates some piece of theâ painting and different strategies are just conceivable in uncommon events. Expressive changes in relic types have been utilized as sequential markers in seriation since the late nineteenth century; complex changes in rock workmanship are an outgrowth of that philosophical strategy. Until Chauvet, painting styles for the Upper Paleolithic were thought to mirror a long, slow development to intricacy, with specific subjects, styles and strategies appointed to the Gravettian, Solutrean, and Magdalenian time portions of the UP. Direct-Dated Sites in France As per von Petzinger and Nowell (2011 refered to underneath), there are 142 collapses France with divider works of art dated to the UP, yet just 10 have been immediate dated. Aurignacian (~45,000-29,000 BP), 9 aggregate: ChauvetGravettian (29,000-22,000 BP), 28 aggregate: Pech-Merle, Grotte Cosquer, Courgnac, Mayennes-SciencesSolutrian (22,000-18,000 BP), 33 aggregate: Grotte CosquerMagdalenian (17,000-11,000 BP), 87 aggregate: Cougnac, Niaux, Le Portel The issue with that (30,000 years of craftsmanship principally distinguished by present day western impression of style changes) was perceived by Paul Bahn among others during the 1990s, yet the issue was brought into sharp concentration by the immediate dating of Chauvet Cave. Chauvet, at 31,000 years of age an Aurignacian period cavern, has a perplexing style and subjects that are normally connected with a lot later periods. Either Chauvets dates aren't right, or the acknowledged complex changes should be adjusted. For the occasion, archeologists can't move totally away from expressive strategies, however they can retool the procedure. Doing so will be troublesome, in spite of the fact that von Pettinger and Nowell have proposed a beginning stage: to concentrate on picture subtleties inside the direct-dated gives in and extrapolate outward. Figuring out which picture subtleties to choose to distinguish complex contrasts might be a prickly undertaking, however except if and until nitty gritty direct-dating of cavern craftsmanship gets conceivable, it might be the most ideal route forward. Sources Bednarik RG. 2009. Regarding life, is there any point to it Paleolithic, that is the question. Rock Art Researchâ 26(2):165-177. Chauvet J-M, Deschamps EB, and Hillaire C. 1996. Chauvet Cave: The universes most established works of art, dating from around 31,000 BC. Minerva 7(4):17-22. Gonzlez JJA, and Behrmann RdB. 2007. C14 et style: Laâ chronologieâ deâ l’artâ pariã ©tal  l’heure actuelle. LAnthropologie 111(4):435-466. doi:j.anthro.2007.07.001 Henry-Gambier D, Beauval C, Airvaux J, Aujoulat N, Baratin JF, and Buisson-Catil J. 2007. New primate remains related with Gravettian parietal craftsmanship (Les Garennes, Vilhonneur, France). Journal of Human Evolutionâ 53(6):747-750. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.07.003 Leroi-Gourhan An, and Champion S. 1982. The first light of European workmanship: a prologue to Paleolithic cavern painting. New York: Cambridge University Press. Mã ©lard N, Pigeaud R, Primault J, and Rodet J. 2010. Gravettian canvas and related movement at Le Moulin de . Antiquity 84(325):666â€680.Laguenay (Lissac-sur-Couze, Corrã ¨ze) Moro Abadã ­a O. 2006. Art, specialties and Paleolithic art. Journal of Social Archeology 6(1):119â€141. Moro Abadã ­a O, and Morales MRG. 2007. Considering style in the post-elaborate time: remaking the expressive setting of Chauvet. Oxford Journal of Archaeologyâ 26(2):109-125. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0092.2007.00276.x Pettitt PB. 2008. Craftsmanship and the Middle-to-Upper Paleolithic change in Europe: Comments on the archeological contentions for an early Upper Paleolithic relic of the Grotte Chauvet art. Journal of Human Evolutionâ 55(5):908-917. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.04.003 Pettitt, Paul. Dating European Paleolithic Cave Art: Progress, Prospects, Problems. Diary of Archeological Method and Theory, Alistair Pike, Volume 14, Issue 1, SpringerLink, February 10, 2007. Sauvet G, Layton R, Lenssen-Erz T, Taã §on P, and Wlodarczyk A. 2009. Thinking with Animals in Upper Paleolithic Rock Art. Cambridge Archeological Journalâ 19(03):319-336. doi:10.1017/S0959774309000511 von Petzinger G, and Nowell A. 2011. A inquiry of style: reexamining the expressive way to deal with dating Paleolithic parietal craftsmanship in France. Antiquity 85(330):1165-1183.

Wondrous Strange :: Character Analysis, Kelley Winslow

Life is the condition that recognizes creatures and plants from inorganic issue, including the limit with regards to development, proliferation, utilitarian movement, and constant change going before death. â€Å"It is accepted that in life nobody can change your bliss however you; in this way, you have the ability to transform anything about yourself or your life that you need to change† (de Angelis, Barbra). The battles that the principle character, Kelley Winslow, faces firmly influences herself, just as drives the plot for the explanation that she battles with the choices she makes, she experiences physical hardships just as mental that permits her to in the end discover her personality. A few people may state that an individual has not gotten themselves; in any case, you don't get yourself. Individuals make ones self. During the way toward making ones self, you need to realize what you dread, and what you can't live without. Kelley realizes what she fears, and who she wouldn't like to lose. â€Å"†¦fear of losing him, distress of what he has just gambled for her† (Livingston 274). In the novel Kelley discovers that she is embraced. â€Å"Emma†¦ Was I†¦ adopted† (Livingston 222). In continuation to this, Kelley gains from her auntie, Emma, that she is received. She likewise inclines progressively about where she originated from, who her introduction to the world guardians are, and about faerie history. This demonstrates Kelley needs to find out about where she originated from, which prompts making her own personality. So as to make herself, Kelley has to find out about her legacy. She likewise realizes what she loves, and doesn't care for and what she needs to do with her life. â€Å"Kelley was stunned. She longed for this†¦ This is it. This is my enormous break!† (Livingston 5), â€Å"Kelley was a Faerie princess. In insubordination of the Faerie lord, she had taken up her predetermination on her footing (Livingston 316-317). This shows she acknowledges herself, notwithstanding picking up her objectives. Kelley Winslow goes experienced a colossal turn of events, and excursion in getting herself, even through the numerous obstructions she faces. Choice is a psychological procedure you direct to bring about a creation of a choice of a decision. Kelley Winslow had settled on different choices for an incredible duration, which had an effect on her attributes. Kelley says, â€Å"Hey! Do you need assistance? (Livingston 32).

Paper to Write On For Accounting Jobs

Paper to Write On For Accounting JobsThere are many jobs and opportunities available in the accounting profession that requires the need to have a paper to write on. The responsibilities of a registered public accountant, for example, involves a paper to write on that consists of being able to understand and properly interpret various tax documents. Each state has its own set of laws governing the way business is conducted and the reports that must be prepared.Private sector accountants usually need to learn about state regulations, obtain licensing, and prepare books of accounts for clients. In a small business, one has a lot of time to think about what kind of documents to prepare. On the other hand, when dealing with large businesses, you will want to be able to prepare detailed and accurate financial records that will prove your authenticity and professionalism. In this article, we will discuss some of the common accounting jobs that are associated with the paper to write on.Book keeper- While there are a lot of people who think of the role of bookkeepers as a mundane task, there are many other people who enjoy working with it. It is a necessary part of the accounting firm. A bookkeeper writes down every single financial transaction made by the firm. He/she can also add up expenses that have not been properly included in the budget.Accountant- All the accounting entries have to be written down and recorded by the accountant. This person must ensure that all the records are accurate and complete. In case an accountant is not well trained, his/her job can become very tedious.Auditor- Another essential person in an accounting firm is the auditor. He/she has to check the financial records against the previous year's accounts. His job is to make sure that there is nothing missing or incorrect and that all the transactions are up to date.Financial analyst- When preparing a comprehensive report, an accountant needs to do more than write down the data that has been entered. He/she must study the data carefully and make sure that it has a logical flow. An analyst can analyze the data for errors or discrepancies and make sure that the entire set of financial records is accurate.Business lawyer- In many business firms, the head of the firm is required to provide legal opinions for all employees. If they are not qualified to perform this task, they will need the help of a business lawyer. In this case, the book to write on is the book that the business lawyer has to write.These are some of the typical papers that need to be completed by any accountant. There are other, more specialized papers that need to be researched and prepared. However, since these are the basic ones, there should not be much difficulty finding one.

Self Help Literature By Sandra K Dolby - 2345 Words

The aim of this research is to explore selected self-help literature, mostly aimed towards the young male demographic, and how they approach and they effect ideas around masculinity. Over the past ten to fifteen years self-help movements, programs and more notably books have become increasingly popular. Although this research isn’t aimed exclusively to compare and contrast women’s and men’s self-help literature, the comparisons that may arise throughout this essay may have the capacity to be illuminating. This project will examine just how self-help literature, mostly targeted towards men, effect ideas around masculinity and why this matters and is relevant. Firstly, to maintain continuity, accuracy, and the integrity of my findings we must first outline what defines literature as â€Å"self-help†. Sandra K Dolby writes self-help texts are texts â€Å"offering advice and reflection on topics as diverse as how to achieve physiological well-being, how to be effective yet serene in the workplace, why the laws of physics are part of God’s plan, how to get along with your mate or with nasty bosses, how to reduce stress and eat and exercise for optimal health, how to save the plane, why to save the planet.†(2005) another quote explains â€Å"Self-help literature is an extremely popular genre which can be found in abundance at any bookstore in Western society. Figures indicate that Americans spent $563 million on self-help books in 2000 (Paul, 2001, p. 60).† Also â€Å"many people use self-help

corporate communication strategy of an organisation(...

Executive Summary Corporate organisation strategy differentiates between macro or corporations, micro or business-units, enterprise as well as their function and active strategies which are depended on identity, culture, strategy and product. With reference to the above, each corporation or business-unit operates at different levels and structure but to achieve the organisational goal, their communication strategic processes must be coherent and consistence. The concept of corporate communication strategy as a functional strategy has provided focal point and direction to the corporate communication function. As a functional strategy used to develop communication plans and implementations, it showcases the relevant of its function to the†¦show more content†¦This demand became a turning point in public relation practice that visualises themselves earlier as an in- house journalist or press a gentry but globalisation has made it to become more of a corporate communication practitioner (Grunig Hunt, 1984). Collins Montgomery (1998) defines corporate strategy as an independent possibility established by an organisation for easy creation of value and a planned coordination of its multi-market activities. Drucker (1954) alleged that many organisations have their corporate strategy which is seen as a forecast of where the organisation intends to be positioned in the future with a planned decision on what they need to do to achieve the vision than thinking on how it will be done. The use of corporate communication to describe the Public Relations practitioner has recently gained an acceptance among scholars and practitioners (Groenewald, 1998:58). Moreover, the term could be used interchangeably to showcase that the function of Public Relation or corporate communication involves both internal and external communications of an organisation (Steyn, 1999). Cornelissen (2011) observed that corporate communication apart from coordinating all the interactions that goes on both within and outside the organisation, it also involve establishing and maintaining constructive reputations with stakeholder groups upon which the organisation isShow MoreRelatedOrganisation Study of Acc Cement14377 Words   |  58 Pagesindustry and its trends. 2. To prepare the organisation profile of ACC. 3. To gain the practical knowledge of the industry. 4. To comprehend the manufacturing process and HRD activities of ACC Plant. 5. To explore marketing process of ACC cements and to highlight the financial performance of ACC. 6. To study various types of business goals forecasting the future cements marketing facts conditions and other parameters etc., of a organisation. 7. To suggest remedial measures in the lightRead MoreThe Internationalisation Process Of Emerging Market Multinationals7790 Words   |  32 Pagesemerged as high profile multinationals increasingly engaged in foreign expansion especially across the region. Such firms for examples include MTN, First Bank of Nigeria, Eco bank of Senegal, Dangote, ShopRite, Equity Group holdings, Globalcom, SABMiller of South Africa, InterSwitch and Computer Warehouse Group to mention a few. These multinationals are emerging across different sectors, taking advantage of their home country business environment to internationalise (Initiative for Global DevelopmentRead MoreFactors Influencing The International Expansion Of Nigerian Banks6650 Words   |  27 Pagesinternationalisation theories and Nigeria present an opportunity for such research. However, Nigerian firms have increasing become a source of, inward foreign direct investment in Sub-Saharan Africa. Such firms include Dangote Cement Industrie s, InterSwitch, Computer Warehouse group, Globalcom and several banks. Specifically, research on the motivation and patterns of the internationalisation of SSA firms, will bring understanding to heterogeneous characteristics of these multinationals and the determinantRead MoreBusiness and Small Scale Industries9686 Words   |  39 Pagesis part of the Nigerian history. Evidence abound in the communities of what successes our great grand parents, made of their respective trading concerns, yam barns, cottage industries, and the likes. The secret behind the success of a self reliant strategy does not lie in any particular political philosophy, so much as the people’s attitude to enterprise and in the right incentive is adequate enough to make risk worthy businesses a necessity for the nation. There had been many policy actions by the

Permanent Solution For Temporary Problems - 1418 Words

Savannah Thornton Mrs. Bowman English 201 April 27, 2016 Permanent Solution for Temporary Problems With suicide being the 3rd leading cause of death among young teens, it is vital that we educate ourselves and others on the warning signs and risk facts because the more information obtained contributes to preventing suicidal thoughts and attempts. Close your eyes and imagine twelve children ages nine to twelve, now imagine each one committing suicide either by cutting, strangling, suffocating, firearm, jumping, or overdosing on pills. Horrible image! Right? That is how many children a day commit suicide, that is 575,00 per year. Eighty-one percent of suicides are males (Statistic Brain). Mark Gregston from â€Å"Parenting Today’s†¦show more content†¦It is important to recognize at least two of more of these warning signs as indications of depression or having suicidal thoughts(Teen Suicide Us). There are many stressors that contribute to committing suicide; anxiety and hopelessness. It is important that we make ourselves aware of these actions. Indications leading to suicide: ï  ¶ Actually saying: â€Å"I do not want to live anymore†, â€Å"I just want to kill myself† ï  ¶ Verbal hints: â€Å"If you can not find me† or â€Å" I want be a bother to you much longer† ï  ¶ Giving or throwing away valuable or personal possessions ï  ¶ Shows signs of extreme cheerfulness and periods of extreme depression ï  ¶ Rambles about bizarre thoughts ï  ¶ Creates some type of suicidal letter Another awareness that goes hand in hand with warning signs is risk factors, characteristic that show a person is considering to attempt suicide. Listed below are the main risk factors.(The Jason Foundation Inc./risk factors) ïÆ'Ëœ Depression, Mental Illness, and Substance Abuse: Mental or addictive disorders are associated with 90% of

Coming of Age Essay free essay sample

Evaluate the social constructs that have brought about similarities and differences between you and your interviewees, drawing conclusions about the influence of power and authority, gender and technology, continuity and change. There are a variety of social constructs that have brought about similarities and differences between the attitudes of society today and various societies and cultures in the 1970’s/1980’s. Through a series of interviews with people who ‘came of age’ in the 80’s, combined with secondary research, the aspects of continuity and change became apparent, particularly when discussing influences of power, authority, gender and technology. Power is the ability to influence the actions or points of view of other people. There are aspects of power have remained unchanged for young people since the 1980’s. The influence of parents is a defining factor according to both interviewees. One of my interviewees talked about how the main reason she wanted to achieve high marks academically, was because her mother never got the opportunity for tertiary education. Parents also hold the power to influence the religious beliefs of their children. My first interviewee was raised with Christian beliefs and values, however her views changed as she got older. My other interviewee was also raised with strong Catholic beliefs, which she has continued to value to this day and has consequently raised her children with these beliefs. My parents definitely have the power to influence how I behave. I know what they expect of me and that there will be consequences if I disobey them. They have had a strong influence on my personal religious beliefs. Most youth in society today choose their religious affinities, regardless of parental influence. However, in most respects the power parents’ hold has continued over the past few decades. Influences from celebrities and public figures are another aspect of power that has not changed. During the late 1970s and 80’s Madonna, Michael Jackson, Bon Jovi and Lionel Richie were all big names in music. My interviewees both described Madonna to be one of the larger influences on society, setting fashion trends and new ways of thinking. Youth today are heavily influenced by the music they listen to. Artists and bands such as Eminem, Maroon 5, Taylor Swift and Beyonce have influenced language, fashion and social ideas. Currently, social media heavily influences teenagers. Social media informs you about world happenings, the lives of friends and social standards. There was no concept of social media in the time period during which my interviewees were growing up. One of my interviewees, who grew up in India, felt as though religious figures had power. Catholics in India were quite traditional at the time. Nuns ran catholic schools, and priests and bishops were very respected. Youth today are not significantly influenced by religious figures. I think that being Catholic, priests do have some influence over me, but certainly not as much as they had over Christian youth in the 80’s. The power that family and celebrities wield is as significant today as in the past, however, the influence of religion has waned. Authority is the legitimate exercise of power. Political ideology has the power to shape attitudes of an era. Over the past few decades, teenagers coming of age have been vaguely aware of political happenings but have not appreciated its relevance. According to my second interviewee, in India it was always assumed that politicians would be corrupt, so there was never any trust or respect towards them. Currently Indian attitudes towards politicians have not changed with the media hype about corruption in political circles. Being a teenager in Australia, I do not feel very concerned about politics. I am aware of some political happenings, but it does not interest me. In contrast, teachers then and now have authority over teenagers. Teachers are not as respected or feared now as they were previously. In the past teachers had the authority to use physical punishments against students, which are illegal now. Similar to power, some aspects of authority have changed while others have continued on. Gender refers to the differences between males and females. Gender roles were far more traditional during the 1980’s, however changes from the early 1900’s were certainly taking place. In most households the man worked while the woman stayed home and looked after the children. This was true for my first interviewee. It was the same for my second interviewee, however her father died when she was quite young, so her mother had to work. In my home, roles are traditional in some basic ways as my mum does most of the cooking, while dad does most of the gardening. Both interviewees described most other roles within their households being fairly equal between males and females. Currently, both my parents work full time, even though my mum stayed home when we were younger. In India in the 70s and 80’s, men were more respected than women. Being female, my second interviewee described how her mother was payed less than men and was not as respected as a working class woman is today. Expectations for interviewee 2 herself were not as high as her brothers. In sport, both my interviewees said that there were particular male and female sports. Netball was a definite girls sport, while there was no thought of girls playing sports such as touch football. Now, expectations for males and females in society are more equal. Although, there are separate male and female categories for competitions, both genders are able to partake in the same sports. Technological developments from the 80s to now are arguably the social aspect that has evolved the most. My interviewees both conveyed that they had basic TV’s in their house holds during their teenage years. They first got their TV’s around the ages of 7 and 10. Even after having televisions in their homes, both interviewees had very limited time allocated to watch it. I have had a television in my house since I was born, while TV use has always been quite liberal. Neither interviewee used a computer at all though their education. Research was done in the library from books, rather than the internet that we use now. There was no concept of mobile phones during my interviewee’s coming of age. My first interviewee had a landline in her house through most of her childhood, whereas my second interviewee did not even get a landline until she was in her teenage years. The Sony Walkman was described as being one of the most popular technologies when they were growing us. It is the iPods, iPhones and MP3 Players that are the most common music devices now. Typewriters were used in the 80’s, but they were not common with my interviewees. Printers are widely used today, with typewriters being close to extinct. For teenagers, coming of age today depends heavily on technology. Almost every teen today carries a smart phone in their pocket. Laptops are used in schools around the country, with smartboards being common educational tools. From social media, to texting our means of communication are heavily dependant on technology, which is very different to the 80’s. The developments in technology over the past 30 years have shaped how our society functions in the present day. There are definitely social aspects of society that have changed since my interviewee 1 was coming of age in Australia, to when I’m coming of age now. Back then it was far more accepted that you would be out all day and home late, without your parents worrying about you. Drugs at parties were more common, and young people acknowledged it as a natural thing to do. The average school day of my first interviewee does not differ drastically to mine. She talked about how she could never afford to do more than one after school activity, which makes me grateful for the number of opportunities I have received to partake in extra curricular activities. Academically, things taught in core subjects at school were similar, however we have a much wider choice in subjects now. Specifically accepted ‘rights of passage’ within society have not changed. The main rights of passage included turning 18, driving and voting. The expectations she had from her parents were not very different to mine. She was expected to try her best, however was always encouraged to do what she loved. There are many obvious changes that have occurred in Australian society over this period of time, however it is evident that are many areas where continuity is prevalent. The society and culture where my second interviewee grew up was very different to mine. We are both Catholic, however her experience with Christianity growing up was very different to mine. In Australia, Christians make up 60% of the population, making it a common, widely accepted religion. Growing up in India, Catholics were a minority group who made up just 3% of the population. They were never fully accepted as ‘proper’ Indians. Rights of passage in India during the 80’s included your 18th and 21st birthdays as you were accepted as adults. The transition from high school at the end of your 10 was a big thing. This parallels the ‘right of passage’ of completing high school as well as the sense of adulthood you receive when turning 18 in Australia. Corporal punishments were common in the1980’s India, a far cry from attitudes today. It was not uncommon for my interviewee’s mother to smack her as punishment. My second interviewee also expressed how teachers would commonly throw dusters at you or humiliate you in front of the class. Her family values were similar to mine. We were both brought up in Catholic homes, where you were taught to show respect to others. It is evident that societies and cultures evolve over time. Attitudes and values people have change, however many stay the same. Both continuity and change are displayed through the social constructs that make up societies.